Jurnal Identitas (Journal of Citizenship and Legal Identity Studies) is a peer-reviewed academic journal focusing on citizenship, legal identity, population governance, and the elimination of racial and ethnic discrimination. The journal publishes interdisciplinary research on nationality law, migration and immigration governance, civil registration systems (CRVS), statelessness, undocumented persons, citizenship theory, and citizenship education. The journal publishes two issues annually, in March and September. Rooted in Indonesia while engaging comparative and international perspectives, the journal promotes rigorous scholarship that advances inclusive legal identity systems and equitable citizenship regimes. P-ISSN 3025-5759, E-ISSN 3123-6693. DOI Prefix: 10.66109.
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Menguatkan Kewarganegaraan Budaya Masyarakat Adat dalam Konteks Identitas Hukum di Indonesia
This paper explores the strengthening of cultural citizenship among indigenous peoples within the context of legal identity in Indonesia. Citizenship is no longer understood merely as a formal legal status but as a socio-cultural and political dimension that shapes the relationship between citizens and the state. Using a qualitative–critical approach through literature review, this study examines the theories of cultural citizenship (Rosaldo, 1994) and applies them to Indonesia’s indigenous communities, as recognized in the 1945 Constitution (UUD 1945) and national policies such as the Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional (RPJPN) 2025–2045. The analysis reveals that although the formal recognition of indigenous peoples is constitutionally guaranteed, its implementation faces structural and cultural barriers. A more inclusive and participatory model of citizenship is needed—one that positions indigenous peoples as subjects of development and holders of collective rights over identity, land, and culture. Thus, cultural citizenship in Indonesia represents a political and social praxis that affirms diversity as the foundation of justice and substantive democracy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Moch. Yasir Sani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Interfaith Dialogue and Conflict Transformation in Indonesia
Conflicts involving inter-religious groups, both those from the same tradition and those from different traditions, frequently occur in Indonesia. This is evident in various studies conducted by institutions addressing this issue, such as Human Rights Watch, the Setara Institute, and the Wahid Institute. Meanwhile, interreligious dialogue is frequently held in various forums and venues, involving numerous actors. This indicates that the dialogue has not been able to foster a transformation of the existing conflict. Through a literature review, this paper finds that the dialogue demonstrates a lack of commitment from religious leaders, remains highly elitist, and only seeks common ground without discussing and understanding existing differences.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Khoirul Muqtafa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Resensi Buku: Mengurai Donald Trump, Populisme dan Kewarganegaraan melalui Prisma Ketidaklengkapan
Dalam gelombang krisis demokrasi global yang ditandai oleh kebangkitan pemimpin-pemimpin otoriter, narasi konspiratif, dan fragmentasi kebenaran, buku Incompleteness: Donald Trump, Populism and Citizenship karya Francis B. Nyamnjoh hadir sebagai oase intelektual yang menawarkan cara berpikir alternatif. Alih-alih mengikuti narasi Barat yang dominan yang menggambarkan populisme sebagai ancaman terhadap tatanan liberal-demokratis, Nyamnjoh mengajukan kerangka epistemologis yang berakar pada pengalaman dan filsafat Afrika: ketidaklengkapan (incompleteness). Melalui prisma ini, ia tidak hanya menganalisis fenomena Donald Trump, tetapi juga mengkritik asumsi-asumsi dasar tentang kewarganegaraan, identitas, dan kebenaran dalam masyarakat kontemporer.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eddy Setiawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental Rechtvacuum In Asean: The South China Sea Arbitration’s Environmental Precedents And Regional Implementation Challenges
This research aims to analyze environmental law implementation gaps (rechtvacuum) in ASEAN by focusing on the South China Sea Arbitration Award (Philippines v. China) and its impact on regional marine environmental protection. The methodology employs comparative legal analysis of 250 environmental governance documents from ASEAN published between 2016-2025, including content analysis of the arbitration award and regional implementation data. Results demonstrate that the Arbitral Tribunal established six key legal precedents: (1) environmental obligations existing independently of sovereignty disputes, (2) customary international law duties to prevent transboundary harm, (3) due diligence standards for marine protection, (4) ecosystem damage assessment frameworks, (5) mandatory EIA requirements, and (6) state responsibility for private actor environmental crimes. However, analysis of ASEAN documents reveals extremely low incorporation rates, ranging from 5% (non-existent) to 35% (moderate) across all precedent categories. Recent 2025 data shows destruction of 28.3 square kilometers of coral reef with China responsible for 65% of damage. This research reveals a sophisticated form of environmental rechtvacuum where binding legal precedents exist but regional implementation is systematically avoided through consensual paralysis, economic subordination, sovereignty fetishization, and temporal deflection.
Silvia Tanaman, Gunawan Widjaja, dan Songga Aurora Abadi
Copyright (c) 2025 Silvia Tanaman, Gunawan Widjaja, dan Songga Aurora Abadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Negara Versus Pasar : Mendiskusikan (Kembali) Arah Kebijakan Politik Ekonomi Indonesia
The direction of Indonesia’s economic policy is often a subject of debate among experts. This is partly because various economic policies are often inconsistent. On one hand, there is a tendency for the state to side with the people. However, in other policies, the state tends to favor the market. Indonesia is often said to have adopted a Pancasila economy. Some also refer to it as a people’s economy. However, in practice, the difference between the two is not very clear. Often, these labels merely become political commodities. This article aims to discuss this issue further by examining the policies adopted by the government, especially in the final years of President Jokowi’s administration, namely the issuance of the Government Regulation in Lieu of Act (Perpu) No. 2 of 2022 On Job Creation (Perppu Cipta Kerja) and the Bauxite Ore Export Ban in 2023. These two policies have elicited a range of reactions, with the first policy being considered too favorable to the market and corporations, while simultaneously causing significant harm to workers. In contrast, the second policy has received many positive responses, even from those who criticized the first policy. Using a literature review method, this article finds that Indonesia’s political economy policies tend not to be based on ideological considerations, but rather on strategic and practical economic calculations and, consequently, are often inconsistent with the ideology they promote.
Copyright (c) 2025 Husnul Atiyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dua Kronik Tionghoa dari Semarang dan Cirebon : Suatu Catatan tentang Asal Usul dan Kehandalan
This article is the first comprehensive evaluation of the provenance and reliability of the two enigmatic Kronik Tionghua texts of Semarang and Cirebon (the ‘Malay Annals of Semarang and Cerbon’). Initially published by M.O. Parlindungan in 1964, historians have increasingly begun to use these documents when reconstructing Java’s early Islamic history. This article is a long overdue attempt to positively identify the Dutch colonial official (Cornelis Poortman) whom Parlindungan claims to have received the texts from. Although the article establishes that Parlindungan almost certainly knew this individual, discrepancies between his version of Poortman’s career and official Dutch records raise questions about whether Poortman could have found the two Kronik Tionghoa, at least in the manner described. The article then ends with a close textual analysis of both Kronik Tionghua which demonstrates the possibility that both texts were written by a modern, Dutch-educated author. The article therefore concludes that both texts are probable fabrications, albeit ones based on authentic texts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alexander Wain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cina Benteng : Identitas, Kewarganegaraan, dan Politik Rekognisi
This article examines the construction of the Cina Benteng identity in Tangerang in relation to Indonesia’s citizenship dynamics and population policy. Through a historical review—from the enactment of Law No. 3/1946, the citizenship division under the 1949 Round Table Conference, the Indonesia–PRC Dual Citizenship Treaty, to Presidential Decree No. 10/1959—this paper demonstrates how legal recognition of Chinese Indonesians often failed to translate into substantive recognition. Soemitro’s Benteng Program, the SBKRI policy under the New Order, and the practice of administrative marking inherited the colonial Staatsblad logic of racial categorization. Referring to Benhabib’s and Honneth’s theories of recognition and alienation, this paper highlights the urgency of a Single Indonesian Citizenship principle, not merely guaranteed on paper but realized through fair population administration—especially through post-Reformasi citizenship policy, the 2006 Citizenship Law, and the e-KTP system. The Cina Benteng case underlines that ethnic recognition and inclusive population governance must be integrated to realise substantive citizenship in the Indonesian context.
Copyright (c) 2024 Eddy Setiawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Menjadi Batak, menjadi Jawa, menjadi (orang) Bali, rasanya lebih mudah karena tidak ada yang menanyakan soal kadar ke-Indonesia-annya. Otomatis Indonesia. Namun, tidak halnya dengan menjadi Tionghoa. Setidaknya hal tersebut yang dapat ditangkap dari karya Penulis berupa buku kumpulan tulisan terbitan Penerbit Buku Kompas (2022). Buku berjudul Aku Ini Orang Indonesia Persilangan Generasi, Budaya, dan Era Zaman, adalah karya 20 penulis dari Konsorsium Psikokultural Indonesia. Mereka datang dari beragam latar belakang, mengupas hal menarik yang diskusinya tak berkesudahan, soal menjadi Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2023 Lidya Christin Sinaga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Resensi Buku: Politik Hukum dan Pembangunan Nasional Indonesia
Politik dan hukum diyakini memiliki korelasi yang saling mempengaruhi satu dengan yang lain. Secara teoritis setidaknya ada tiga bentuk korelasi yakni hukum determinan terhadap politik, dimana hukum menjadi arah dan pengendali yang menentukan semua aktivitas politik. Bentuk korelasi ini biasa disebut dalam istilah Indonesia sebagai Hukum sebagai Panglima. Sebaliknya pada korelasi kedua, yakni politik determinan atas hukum, disini panglimanya adalah politik, dimana hukum diyakini merupakan produk dari politik atau kekuasaan, sebagaimana diyakini kalangan positivisme hukum seperti John Austin bahwa Law is a command of the lawgiver.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sukman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Resensi Buku: Citizenship and Indigenous Australians : Changing Conceptions and Possibilities
Buku Citizenship and Indigenous Australians: Changing Conceptions and Possibilities, disunting oleh Nicolas Peterson dan Will Sanders, merupakan karya interdisipliner yang secara kritis menelaah bagaimana konsep kewarganegaraan di Australia telah dibentuk, dikacaukan, dan direvisi dalam kaitannya dengan masyarakat Aborigin dan Torres Strait Islander. Sebagai bagian dari seri Reshaping Australian Institutions, buku ini menggabungkan perspektif antropologi, sejarah, hukum, dan kebijakan publik untuk mengulas secara komprehensif hak, status, dan tantangan masyarakat adat dalam menjadi warga negara yang setara dalam negara kolonial modern.
Copyright (c) 2024 Saifullah Ma'shum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tionghoa di Caruban Nagari : Peranan Tionghoa dalam Membentuk Lanskap Sejarah Cirebon
The early development of Cirebon was marked by the arrival of Chinese communities, particularly during the expeditions of Zheng He in the 15th century. Various sources indicate that even before the establishment of the Cirebon Sultanate, the northern coastal region of Java had already become a destination for Chinese diaspora. Archaeological findings such as a shipwreck off the coast of Cirebon and the sites of Tamanan and Dingkel Sambimaya in Indramayu serve as early evidence of their presence. This study employs historical methodology, encompassing heuristic, source criticism, interpretation, and historiographical writing. Archaeological and philological approaches are applied to present stronger evidence of the Cirebon– Chinese relationship. The study reveals three major findings: First, the Chinese community played a central role in the development of physical infrastructure and cultural arts, as seen in relics such as the lighthouse at Muara Jati, the architecture of palaces and mosques, the mega mendung batik motif, and royal carriages like Singa Barong and Paksinagaliman in the Kasepuhan and Kanoman palaces. Second, deeper relationships developed through intermarriage and involvement in governance. Notable examples include the marriage of Sunan Gunung Jati and Princess Ong Tien of China, as well as the appointment of Chinese figures to strategic positions such as the head of Indramayu port and as supervisors in the construction of the Sunyaragi Cave Garden. Third, archaeological and philological legacies reinforce the narrative of Chinese involvement, such as the Panjunan Red Mosque, Dewi Welas Asih Vihara, Sang Ciptarasa Great Mosque, Talang Temple, and textual sources like Negarakertabhumi, Carita Purwaka Caruban Nagari, and Sejarah Rante. These sources collectively affirm the significant role of the Chinese community in the cultural acculturation, spread of Islam, and historical development of Cirebon.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rizky Riyadu Taufiq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Kesehatan Mental dalam Dunia Kerja : Tantangan dan Tanggung Jawab Negara Menuju Indonesia Emas 2045
Mental health has emerged as a strategic issue in global employment, particularly amid rising work demands and post-pandemic social transformation. In Indonesia, the existing labor regulatory framework does not explicitly address psychosocial risks in the workplace, despite growing psychological burdens among young workers, especially Generation Z. This article examines the integration of mental health into national labor policy through a multidisciplinary lens. It analyzes historical developments, theoretical frameworks such as the Job Demands- Resources Model and Psychosocial Safety Climate, and policy practices from countries including Japan, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia. Based on empirical and comparative insights, the article proposes four strategic pillars: regulatory harmonization, social security reform, primary care capacity-building, and multi-stakeholder collaboration with public literacy initiatives. The conclusion emphasizes the critical need to embed mental health in employment systems as a strategic prerequisite to realizing Indonesia’s Vision 2045 and enhancing the competitiveness of its workforce.
Copyright (c) 2024 Arlene Eleanor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rekonstruksi Regulasi Kewenangan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat dalam Pemilihan Pejabat Publik pada Komisi Negara Independen
The authority of the Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR RI) in appointing public officials to independent state commissions is fraught with challenges, including the oligarchic dominance of political parties, the subordination of objectivity to political interests, weak mechanisms for assessing candidates’ capacities, and the potential for negotiation and transactional practices during the selection process. This study employs an empirical juridical approach within the framework of constructivist paradigm, combining normative and sociological legal analyses. Findings reveal systemic weaknesses not only in the regulatory framework but also in the conduct of key actors—both DPR members and prospective officials—as well as within the institutional structure of independent commissions and the system of checks and balances between the DPR and the President. This article aims to describe, critique, and reconstruct DPR’s regulatory authority through the cases of the Corruption Eradication Commission-KPK, the General Elections Commission-KPU, and the National Human Rights Commission-Komnas HAM. Regulatory reconstruction is deemed essential to strengthen institutional independence, prevent political interference, and ensure transparent, accountable public official appointments that uphold the quality and integrity of independent state bodies.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rofiqul Umam Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pergumulan Nasionalisme dan Inferiority Complex (Studi Kasus Kebijakan Naturalisasi Pemain di Tim Nasional Sepak Bola Indonesia)
Football is still one of the sports that can unite the football public when the Indonesian national team competes, both in the Asian and world championship stages. After a long time of Indonesian football being in decline, in the last few years the achievements of Indonesian football have been quite promising in their performance. The playing style and rhythm of the game that is demonstrated have changed for the better. This cannot be separated from the role of the General Chairperson of Persatuan Sepakbola Seluruh Indonesia (PSSI) Erick Thohir and also Shin Tae-yong, the former coach of the South Korean national team. The presence of naturalized players in the Indonesian national team also provides a new color in the Indonesian national team’s football game with better ball control with more targeted passes and better teamwork. This study will analyze the naturalization policy that occurs in the Indonesian national team using the Orientalism perspective introduced by Edward Said. By using a descriptive qualitative methodology using a case study approach, it is hoped that it can see more deeply the naturalization policy of Indonesian national team players related to recent football developments, in addition, through case studies it is hoped that it can provide a deeper understanding of Orientalism in a specific context.
Copyright (c) 2024 Slamet Budiharjo & Algooth Putranto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Menggugat Prinsip Non-Interference ASEAN : Dari Idealisme ke Pragmatisme Politik?
Several acts of violence that occurred at the national and international levels received attention from various groups. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the Myanmar issue involving the military junta regime have become prominent in recent years. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine, even though it occurred in Eastern Europe, has the potential to have an impact on global security, and is even said to trigger a world war. The violence case in Myanmar, while it occurs on a national (domestic) level, the impacts, especially the violence and abuses of human rights, are extraordinary and are of serious international concern. Both cases sparked criticism from various groups, including the United Nations (UN) at the international level and ASEAN at the regional level. This article discusses ASEAN members’ stance on the two violent incidents that occurred by linking it to the principle of noninterference, one of the principles that are very “ASEAN”. Through literature study, this paper finds that ASEAN’s attitude towards the two cases above is not singular. Each member’s attitude of this Southeast Asian regional organization is different, especially in the case of the Russia and Ukraine conflict. In the case of Myanmar, the attitude shown is also not firm. The description of this attitude is closely related to how they interpret the principle of non-interference, which tends to be political and pragmatic in practice, depending on the interests of their respective countries.
Copyright (c) 2024 Husnul Atiyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Agama dan Kewarganegaraan : Minoritas Muslim dalam Masyarakat Hindu Bali
Diversity and religiosity are manifested in almost all regions of Indonesia. Practically, there is no region that is homogeneous in terms of ethnicity, language and religion. Likewise, Bali, with a Hindu majority population, also has other religious minorities, among them are Muslims. The existence of Muslims in Bali has been recorded since Bali was ruled by various kingdoms and sustained until the formation of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. The identification process as citizens is shared by both Balinese Hindus and residents of other groups such as Muslims who form the Muslim minority on the island. Civic relations in Bali appear to be going well, as reflected in the Religious Harmony Index released by the Ministry of Religion in 2023. In the index, Bali Province scored 77.95 that makes it one of the top 5 regions with the highest index scores after East Nusa Tenggara (81,027), Papua (80,20), North Sulawesi (78,35), and West Papua (78.63). This index based its score on three indicators, namely tolerance, equality and cooperation between religious communities. This article discusses the relationship between religion and citizenship in Bali by focusing on the main issues: firstly, the value system of Balinese Hindu society which was formed by the long interactions with various entities that has shaped a tolerant character until its advancement after the Bali Bombings I and II. Secondly, the formation process of Bali’s Muslim minority and thirdly, the dynamics of the relationship between the two groups during the democratization period which was marked by decentralization and the strengthening of identity politics, by examining the interactions between the two groups on the issue of Ajeg Bali. Hereby, it is expected that the conceptualization, development and practice of religion and citizenship in Bali can offer a new insight into navigating the relationship between the different communities in Indonesia.
From Conflictual to Peaceful Coexistence? Reconceptualizing The Relationship between Islam and The West
The relationship between Islam and the West has been a subject of study for many scholars, yet the discussion seems never to end. Part of the reason is that their relationship is anything but simple as the historical records depict it: there was a period of tension, conflict and cooperation. The September 11 attack was critical since then the discussion between the two has been publicly discussed with the question of Islam, whether it would bring peace or instead, it would be a threat to the Western world. Employing desk research, this paper expands the discussion between Islam and the West by examining different ideas among Muslim scholars, from liberal to conservative or fundamentalist ones to see the prospect of promoting peaceful coexistence between the two. More than that, the progressive idea needs to be creatively spread and infused into the people’s consciousness so that the concept of peaceful coexistence would not only be the concern of elites but also that of the general public. Bringing this into view may shed some light to what extent the relationship between the two might be reconceptualized and proposed into a more peaceful one.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Khoirul Muqtafa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hidup dalam Kesenjangan: Paradox Migran Baru Asal Tiongkok (Xinyimin) dengan Masyarakat di Indonesia
New migrants from China (Xinyimin) in Indonesia generally migrate for employment, business opportunities, educational advancement, and marriage. Their presence fosters socio-cultural exchange and offers a significant perspective on the interaction between Indonesians and Xinyimin. However, the ongoing influx of migrants from China since the country’s economic boom has led to an expanding gap between them and the local population. This disparity is perceived as a threat to the livelihoods of Indonesians and the established social order. Consequently, the host-immigrant tensions have sparked local-national political debates. The friction between Chinese workers and local Indonesians has garnered public attention, with local workers expressing resentment toward the higher wages of Chinese migrants while struggling to secure comparable earnings, regardless of nationality. The presence of Xinyimin in Indonesia is viewed not only as a foreign element but also as a competitive force, raising concerns due to their perceived exploitation of local resources. This situation presents a significant obstacle to the interaction and acculturation of Xinyimin in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2024 Paulus Rudolf Yuniarto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Managing Ambiguity: Religious Intolerance and Policy in Indonesia
This paper expands the existing knowledge on how actors construct frame ambiguity in policy formulation. This study elaborates on the discursive strategies used to manage ambiguity through arguing, framing, and blame avoidance, based on an analysis of case studies of policy formulation aimed at addressing religious intolerance in Indonesia. The findings demonstrate that actors utilize discursive strategies to achieve two main objectives: preserving majority values and maintaining dynamism and heterogeneity in response to evolving demands. The paper argues that ambiguity serves as a temporary mechanism to overcome impasses and differences in values and demands among actors. The findings of the study fill the gap in the limited number of studies that examine ambiguity in religious policy, especially regarding the relationship between religion and the state. Additionally, the findings provide insights for the application of analytical tools in understanding ambiguity and its role in promoting institutional change.
Copyright (c) 2024 Alamsyah M Djafar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Inklusi pada Kelompok Minoritas di Indonesia: Sebuah Refleksi Lapangan
Indonesian society, with its level of diversity, in the name of ethnicity, religion and so on, has made the issue of identity one of the key issues in navigating this pluralistic country. Identity could be cementing or segregating the existing social groups. Within the tension of the two, in practice, those who are labeled as minority groups have experienced discriminatory treatment. Contestation over resources, for example, can lead to the creation of access barriers for minority groups. For this reason, the concept and practice of inclusion are relevant for Indonesia within which the issue of majorityminority has remained a problematic issue. Any exclusionary practices will create a potential conflict that can divide national unity. Lakpesdam’s experience in assisting 9 minority community groups shows that they experienced varying degrees of exclusion at the beginning of the assistance, including being excluded from social interactions, various unpleasant treatments, and stigma as a backward group, deviant, and other negative labels so that they were considered not equal to the other community groups. This has an impact on the limited access to resources. The results of the advocacy show that inclusion programs have been important factors in increasing community acceptance of the assisted group. This sequentially helps to issue various policies that are more inclusive and uphold the equality principle between citizens.
Copyright (c) 2023 Nurun Nisa' https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biopolitik Perempuan Muslim, Feminisme dan Demokrasi
Feminism exerts influence in the social and political life of women even for men and children, young people and the elderly. Hence, exploring feminism has experienced a lot of criticism among academics, the public, policymakers, and even the state. Thus, this study explores feminism and biopolitics, whereas a theory of feminism is not only a spirit but merged in the women’s struggle movement. Additionally, this study investigates of how Muslim women use politics to fulfil their interests; What society would be like if men and women were in different conditions in terms of health, treatment, care, birth and death; and how the principles of feminism are used to address women’s biopolitical problems. This research uses biopolitics as an analysis to see women in Muslim-majority areas involved in democratic public spaces and open Islamic views to inclusive women. This study collected data from interviews and ethnographic methods. The setting is the local areas of Banda Aceh and Padang. This study reveals that there is state injustice based on biopolitical fulfilment which is an obstacle for Muslim women to fight for various interests, such as women’s bodily rights related to pregnancy regulation, political rights in parliament, providing adequate access to health for victims of birth sexual violence, state social control, religion and local culture making women unable to achieve fulfilment of rights, especially women’s access to fulfilment of rights and authorities Biological. Furthermore, this article also discusses the principles of feminism used to overcome women’s biopolitical problems.
Copyright (c) 2023 Inda Kartika https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Masyarakat Muslim di Bali : Dari Kawula hingga Warganegara
The arrival of outsiders with different religious and cultural backgrounds during Bali’s classical era was equally recognized as the local subjects. The patron-client relationships during this period led to a tendency towards cultural acculturation and, to some extent, spiritual syncretism which shaped Muslim-Bali. In the colonial era, the Dutch then took the position of patron from the Puri, separating Balinese and non-Balinese through desa adat and dinas. Meanwhile, the development of Islamic education has led to orthodoxy, thus completely separating the two communities. Muslim immigrants after this process are called Muslims Baru. Desa dinas had a better position during the colonial to the New Order period. However, with the decentralization process, desa dinas have become mere administrations with weak political bargaining. Balinese-Muslim and Muslims Baru citizenship seems to have to deal with a new form of citizenship in the name of customary tradition, between krama wed, krama tamiu, and tamiu. Non-Balinese Hindu citizens are classified as tamiu in the context of desa adat. Therefore, in terms of participation and redistribution, indigenous communities have a better position than those in dinas. Similarly, Balinese-Muslims have a better position because of the autonomous power through their “desa adat”. Meanwhile, Muslims Baru without “desa adat” are only members of administrative desa dinas, with limited participation, thus affecting the redistribution aspect.
Copyright (c) 2023 Eddy Setiawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mengayun Di Antara Liberalisme Dan Nasionalisme Pasar?
On January 1, 2020, the Indonesian government officially banned the export of raw nickel ore because nickel reserves are increasingly depleting as non-renewable energy. This decision caused a strong reaction and criticism from the European Union and resulted in a lawsuit against the World Trade Organization (WTO). In the context of academic discourse, this problem also raises questions about whether Indonesia’s political economy direction is moving towards market liberalism or nationalism. This is because several recent policies or regulations issued by the government could not simply tell the direction of Indonesia’s political economy ideology. Based on literature research, this paper intends to discuss the above issues in the context of international political economy. This article finds that the direction of the Indonesian economy is swinging between liberalism and economic nationalism. Looking at the ban on raw ore export shows this, but more is needed; thus, furthr study is required to suggest the political economy direction adopted by the Indonesian government.
Copyright (c) 2023 Husnul Atiyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Security to Citizenship? A Study of Banser in the Reform Era
The phenomenon of Banser (militia group under Nahdlatul Ulama) in the Reform Era is quite interesting to observe. While previously, this militia’s main duty was to ensure that all activities conducted by Nahdlatul Ulama ran smoothly, this organization has now expanded its activities from countering radicalism and terrorism activities to assisting disaster management programs. This signals a new transformation within this militia group and poses serious questions about the conception of security and citizenship practices. Banser actively protects religious minority groups so that they can practice their religious activities. Different from other religious militia groups such as the Islamic Defender Front (FPI) or Moslem Paramilitary Group (Laskar Umat Islam) who often commit violent actions, Banser has their own logic of security. This logic is mainly derived from religious values they hold: moderation, justice, tolerance, and balance. How they implement these values can be seen partly from their actions to protect and reject any violence against the religious vulnerable groups. This is because they believe that violence itself is against religion. Furthermore, their actions tend to advocate a certain form of citizenship based on religious values.
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Khoirul Muqtafa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0